SASL/PLAIN Authentication

SASL/PLAIN provides simple username/password authentication for Kafka. While easy to configure, it transmits credentials in base64 encoding (not encrypted) and should only be used over TLS connections.

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Overview

When to Use PLAIN

Use Case	Recommendation
Development environments	Acceptable
Testing/QA	Acceptable
Production without SCRAM support	Use with TLS only
Quick prototyping	Acceptable
Production (general)	Prefer SCRAM

PLAIN vs SCRAM

Feature	PLAIN	SCRAM
Password transmission	Base64 encoded	Never transmitted
Broker storage	Plaintext in config	Salted hash
Replay attack protection	None (relies on TLS)	Built-in nonces
Mutual authentication	No	Yes
Complexity	Simple	Moderate

Security Warning

SASL/PLAIN transmits credentials in base64 encoding. Without TLS, credentials can be captured by network sniffers. Always use SASL_SSL, never SASL_PLAINTEXT in production.

Version Requirements

Feature	Kafka Version
SASL/PLAIN	0.9.0+
Per-listener JAAS config	1.0.0+
Custom callbacks	0.10.0+

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Broker Configuration

Basic Setup

# server.properties

# Listener configuration
listeners=SASL_SSL://0.0.0.0:9093
advertised.listeners=SASL_SSL://kafka1.example.com:9093

# Security protocol for inter-broker communication
security.inter.broker.protocol=SASL_SSL
sasl.mechanism.inter.broker.protocol=PLAIN

# Enable PLAIN mechanism
sasl.enabled.mechanisms=PLAIN

# JAAS configuration with users
listener.name.sasl_ssl.plain.sasl.jaas.config=\
  org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required \
  username="kafka-broker" \
  password="broker-password" \
  user_kafka-broker="broker-password" \
  user_admin="admin-password" \
  user_producer="producer-password" \
  user_consumer="consumer-password";

JAAS Configuration Format

The PLAIN module requires user definitions in the format user_<username>="<password>":

listener.name.sasl_ssl.plain.sasl.jaas.config=\
  org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required \
  username="broker-user" \
  password="broker-password" \
  user_broker-user="broker-password" \
  user_alice="alice-secret" \
  user_bob="bob-secret" \
  user_service-account="service-password";

Property	Purpose
username	Username for inter-broker authentication
password	Password for inter-broker authentication
user_<name>	Defines a valid user and password

TLS Configuration (Required)

# SSL/TLS settings
ssl.keystore.type=PKCS12
ssl.keystore.location=/etc/kafka/ssl/kafka.keystore.p12
ssl.keystore.password=${KEYSTORE_PASSWORD}
ssl.key.password=${KEY_PASSWORD}

ssl.truststore.type=PKCS12
ssl.truststore.location=/etc/kafka/ssl/kafka.truststore.p12
ssl.truststore.password=${TRUSTSTORE_PASSWORD}

# Require TLS 1.2 or higher
ssl.enabled.protocols=TLSv1.3,TLSv1.2
ssl.endpoint.identification.algorithm=HTTPS

Static JAAS File (Alternative)

Instead of inline configuration, use a separate JAAS file:

kafka_server_jaas.conf:

KafkaServer {
    org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required
    username="kafka-broker"
    password="broker-password"
    user_kafka-broker="broker-password"
    user_alice="alice-secret"
    user_bob="bob-secret";
};

JVM parameter:

-Djava.security.auth.login.config=/etc/kafka/kafka_server_jaas.conf

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User Management

Adding Users

PLAIN stores users in broker configuration. Adding users requires updating JAAS config and restarting brokers:

1. Update JAAS configuration with new user_<name> entries
2. Rolling restart all brokers
3. Verify client can authenticate

# Before: 2 users
listener.name.sasl_ssl.plain.sasl.jaas.config=\
  org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required \
  username="kafka-broker" \
  password="broker-password" \
  user_kafka-broker="broker-password" \
  user_alice="alice-secret";

# After: 3 users
listener.name.sasl_ssl.plain.sasl.jaas.config=\
  org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required \
  username="kafka-broker" \
  password="broker-password" \
  user_kafka-broker="broker-password" \
  user_alice="alice-secret" \
  user_newuser="newuser-secret";

Removing Users

Remove the user_<name> entry and perform rolling restart:

# Remove user_alice entry
listener.name.sasl_ssl.plain.sasl.jaas.config=\
  org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required \
  username="kafka-broker" \
  password="broker-password" \
  user_kafka-broker="broker-password" \
  user_newuser="newuser-secret";

User Management Limitations

PLAIN requires broker restarts for user changes. For dynamic user management, use SASL/SCRAM instead.

Password Changes

1. Update password in JAAS configuration
2. Rolling restart brokers
3. Update client configuration
4. Restart clients

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Client Configuration

Java Client

import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.KafkaProducer;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.ProducerConfig;
import java.util.Properties;

Properties props = new Properties();
props.put(ProducerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, "kafka1:9093,kafka2:9093");
props.put(ProducerConfig.KEY_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringSerializer.class);
props.put(ProducerConfig.VALUE_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringSerializer.class);

// Security configuration
props.put("security.protocol", "SASL_SSL");
props.put("sasl.mechanism", "PLAIN");
props.put("sasl.jaas.config",
    "org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required " +
    "username=\"alice\" " +
    "password=\"alice-secret\";");

// TLS configuration
props.put("ssl.truststore.location", "/etc/kafka/ssl/client.truststore.p12");
props.put("ssl.truststore.password", "truststore-password");
props.put("ssl.truststore.type", "PKCS12");

KafkaProducer<String, String> producer = new KafkaProducer<>(props);

Spring Boot

application.yml:

spring:
  kafka:
    bootstrap-servers: kafka1:9093,kafka2:9093
    properties:
      security.protocol: SASL_SSL
      sasl.mechanism: PLAIN
      sasl.jaas.config: >
        org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required
        username="${KAFKA_USERNAME}"
        password="${KAFKA_PASSWORD}";
    ssl:
      trust-store-location: classpath:truststore.p12
      trust-store-password: ${TRUSTSTORE_PASSWORD}
      trust-store-type: PKCS12

Python (confluent-kafka)

from confluent_kafka import Producer

config = {
    'bootstrap.servers': 'kafka1:9093,kafka2:9093',
    'security.protocol': 'SASL_SSL',
    'sasl.mechanism': 'PLAIN',
    'sasl.username': 'alice',
    'sasl.password': 'alice-secret',
    'ssl.ca.location': '/etc/kafka/ssl/ca-cert.pem',
}

producer = Producer(config)

Go (confluent-kafka-go)

import (
    "github.com/confluentinc/confluent-kafka-go/v2/kafka"
)

producer, err := kafka.NewProducer(&kafka.ConfigMap{
    "bootstrap.servers":  "kafka1:9093,kafka2:9093",
    "security.protocol":  "SASL_SSL",
    "sasl.mechanism":     "PLAIN",
    "sasl.username":      "alice",
    "sasl.password":      "alice-secret",
    "ssl.ca.location":    "/etc/kafka/ssl/ca-cert.pem",
})

Command-Line Tools

client.properties:

security.protocol=SASL_SSL
sasl.mechanism=PLAIN
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required \
  username="alice" \
  password="alice-secret";
ssl.truststore.location=/etc/kafka/ssl/client.truststore.p12
ssl.truststore.password=truststore-password

# Produce messages
kafka-console-producer.sh --bootstrap-server kafka:9093 \
  --topic my-topic \
  --producer.config client.properties

# Consume messages
kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server kafka:9093 \
  --topic my-topic \
  --consumer.config client.properties \
  --from-beginning

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Custom Authentication Callback

For external user stores (LDAP, database), implement a custom callback handler:

Callback Interface

import org.apache.kafka.common.security.auth.AuthenticateCallbackHandler;
import javax.security.auth.callback.*;
import javax.security.sasl.AuthorizeCallback;

public class CustomPlainAuthCallback implements AuthenticateCallbackHandler {

    @Override
    public void configure(Map<String, ?> configs, String saslMechanism,
                          List<AppConfigurationEntry> jaasConfigEntries) {
        // Initialize connection to external user store
    }

    @Override
    public void handle(Callback[] callbacks) throws UnsupportedCallbackException {
        String username = null;
        String password = null;

        for (Callback callback : callbacks) {
            if (callback instanceof NameCallback) {
                username = ((NameCallback) callback).getDefaultName();
            } else if (callback instanceof PlainAuthenticateCallback) {
                PlainAuthenticateCallback plainCallback = (PlainAuthenticateCallback) callback;
                password = new String(plainCallback.password());
                boolean authenticated = validateCredentials(username, password);
                plainCallback.authenticated(authenticated);
            } else {
                throw new UnsupportedCallbackException(callback);
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean validateCredentials(String username, String password) {
        // Query external system (LDAP, database, etc.)
        return externalAuthService.authenticate(username, password);
    }

    @Override
    public void close() {
        // Cleanup resources
    }
}

Broker Configuration for Custom Callback

# Register custom callback handler
listener.name.sasl_ssl.plain.sasl.server.callback.handler.class=\
  com.example.CustomPlainAuthCallback

# JAAS config (username/password for inter-broker only)
listener.name.sasl_ssl.plain.sasl.jaas.config=\
  org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain.PlainLoginModule required \
  username="kafka-broker" \
  password="broker-password";

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Security Considerations

Risks of PLAIN Authentication

Risk	Mitigation
Credential exposure	Always use TLS (SASL_SSL)
Replay attacks	TLS provides session protection
Brute force	Implement rate limiting, monitoring
Credential in memory	Use short-lived credentials where possible
Credentials in config files	Restrict file permissions, use secrets management

Minimum Security Requirements

1. Always use SASL_SSL - Never SASL_PLAINTEXT
2. TLS 1.2 or higher - Disable older protocols
3. Strong passwords - Minimum 16 characters
4. File permissions - Restrict access to JAAS config files
5. Network segmentation - Limit broker exposure

File Permission Hardening

# Restrict JAAS config file access
chmod 600 /etc/kafka/kafka_server_jaas.conf
chown kafka:kafka /etc/kafka/kafka_server_jaas.conf

# Restrict server.properties
chmod 600 /etc/kafka/server.properties
chown kafka:kafka /etc/kafka/server.properties

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Troubleshooting

Common Errors

Error	Cause	Solution
Authentication failed	Wrong username/password	Verify credentials in JAAS config
No JAAS configuration	Missing JAAS config	Add sasl.jaas.config property
Unknown user	User not defined	Add user_<name> entry
PLAIN not supported	Mechanism not enabled	Add to sasl.enabled.mechanisms

Debug Logging

Broker:

# log4j.properties
log4j.logger.org.apache.kafka.common.security=DEBUG
log4j.logger.org.apache.kafka.common.security.plain=TRACE

Client:

log4j.logger.org.apache.kafka.clients=DEBUG
log4j.logger.org.apache.kafka.common.security=DEBUG

Verify Authentication

# Test connection
kafka-broker-api-versions.sh --bootstrap-server kafka:9093 \
  --command-config client.properties

# Check broker logs for authentication attempts
grep -i "authentication\|plain\|sasl" /var/log/kafka/server.log | tail -50

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Migration to SCRAM

SCRAM provides stronger security than PLAIN. Migration steps:

1. Create SCRAM credentials for all users:

kafka-configs.sh --bootstrap-server kafka:9093 \
  --command-config admin.properties \
  --alter \
  --add-config 'SCRAM-SHA-512=[password=alice-secret]' \
  --entity-type users \
  --entity-name alice

1. Enable both mechanisms:

sasl.enabled.mechanisms=PLAIN,SCRAM-SHA-512

1. Rolling restart brokers

2. Update clients to use SCRAM:

sasl.mechanism=SCRAM-SHA-512
sasl.jaas.config=org.apache.kafka.common.security.scram.ScramLoginModule required \
  username="alice" \
  password="alice-secret";

1. After migration, disable PLAIN:

sasl.enabled.mechanisms=SCRAM-SHA-512

See SASL/SCRAM Guide for detailed SCRAM configuration.

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Related Documentation

• Authentication Overview - Mechanism comparison
• SASL/SCRAM - Secure password authentication
• mTLS Authentication - Certificate-based authentication
• Authorization - ACL configuration
• Encryption - TLS setup